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25 Years Later – My September 11 Story


How the events of September 11, 2001 shaped my understanding of the world, and ultimately the work I chose to do.

All photos in this post are from the scrapbook I kept in the days following the tragedy. The quotes, unless attributed differently, were from my journal.

Twenty-five years ago, I was 22 years old, living in a tiny railroad apartment in Hoboken, New Jersey, with spectacular views of Manhattan just across the river. I worked full time at a Barnes & Noble bookstore in Chelsea, and part time as a hostess at a restaurant near my apartment. Surrounded by interesting friends at the beginning of many different (mostly artistic) careers and from all over the world, I was figuring out who I wanted to be and what I wanted to contribute to the world.

We were all broke, but we were happy.

I had the day off on September 11th and was sleeping in when one of my three roommates (far more than the apartment should have fit!) woke me up because my mom had called on our landline to see if I was home, or if I was in the city.

“Look out your window,” she told me.

We went to the far bedroom facing east and saw flames coming out of the towers. Like most of us, we couldn’t imagine at that point that it was as big of a deal as it turned out to be, but we quickly dressed, ran down the stairs of our four-story brownstone building, and across the street to the pier, which quickly filled with a packed crowd.

Hoboken had direct commuter links to downtown Manhattan, with the PATH train and a ferry connecting directly to the World Trade Center. The pier was buzzing with curiosity and awe as we all tried to make sense of what was happening.

When the first tower fell, I remember the screaming.

I was screaming, as was everyone around me. Our knees buckled as we dropped to the ground, grasping for some sense of stability. That feeling still lives in my body, which I now understand is a common trauma response. Like every year since, I will be avoiding screens, social media, and radio tomorrow, as will many others with similar experiences.

The hours, days, and weeks that followed are still very real to me, and every year I assess how that tragedy shaped who I am and the work that I do.

My instinct in high-stress situations has always been to gather information and figure out a plan, and that day was no different. Where were my neighbors and friends who worked downtown? Who else had been attacked? Would we be able to get out of town? What if the stores closed and we didn’t have enough to eat?

At the grocery store a block away, I carried a little basket and tried to think of what we might need if this was only the beginning. A woman I had never met cornered me, carrying her own empty basket and clearly in shock (as we all were), and asked, “What do I buy? What am I supposed to do? What are we doing?! Please tell me what to do!”

I slowly shook my head, and we both cried and embraced as I said, “I don’t know! But we have to do something, right?”

Many hours later, in the evening, neighbors started coming home after waiting hours for ferries to bring them across. They were covered in white dust, with tears streaming down their faces and clothes.

They looked like ghosts.

We all looked and felt like zombies, trying to figure out how to keep moving with no idea how.

Within our apartment, you could not have had a more representative cross section of different ways to manage grief. There was the roommate who was in complete denial that anything was wrong. There was the one angry at everything and everyone because this wasn’t what her life was supposed to be. There was the one making inappropriate jokes (the comedian, of course – SHUT UP, JOSH!, we would respond). And then there was me, who couldn’t stop crying as I reached out to anyone I could get ahold of to find out who was safe, while gathering whatever information I could from the news.

Once we were able to cross the river again, the way everyone in the subway car would hold our breath as we passed underneath is solidified in my memory. So is the way we looked strangers directly in the eyes, assessing danger and shared fear, but also compassion.

I’ve never had a very good sense of direction, so coming up out of a subway station and looking for the towers to determine which way was downtown was no longer an option. For some time, the smoke and debris rising from downtown took their place.

That cloud, which looked like a shroud hovering over the island, along with the smell of death and destruction, is still vivid in my memory. I don’t know that I will ever forget any part of it.

When commerce resumed and we were back at the bookstore (three of the four roommates worked there together), a new colleague arrived after the Borders store where he had worked at the World Trade Center was destroyed. He was supposed to work the morning of the attack, but had called in sick – hungover – changing the trajectory of his life. He is still one of my closest friends and would later officiate my first wedding.

It was hard for us to find meaning in work that suddenly felt so trivial, but finding routine again was important.

At the same time, our Muslim friends would arrive at work shaken from verbal and physical attacks they had experienced on their commutes. I watched people I cared about become targets because of fear and hatred directed toward people perceived to share a religion or background with those responsible for the attacks. That experience stayed with me and would eventually become part of my dedication to cross-cultural understanding and awareness.

My nervous system was too heightened to go home after my shifts, so I would walk to the memorial at Union Square, the furthest downtown non-residents could get, and spend long evenings there.

There were candles and music, photos of the missing, and makeshift memorials everywhere – an ongoing remembrance that felt very much needed by all of us who were still trying to process the profound loss.

I would sit and talk with people who had spent their days working at Ground Zero. I learned to recognize them by the white dust still covering their boots and clothes. Some were big, grown men who would sit with me and suddenly break down in tears. They told me they weren’t ready to go home yet; they didn’t want to fall apart in front of their families.

So they sat in Union Square and talked to a 22-year-old stranger, and I listened.

I remember those conversations, and those men, very clearly.

I was not in the towers, not downtown, and I did not lose anybody directly that day. I know many with much “closer” stories to tell. But everyone has a story, and we were all affected differently.

This is my first time sharing publicly what my experience was, as I know there are now younger generations who need to understand. Even now, I have a deep unease writing this all down.

Years later, I had the privilege of meeting Andrew Card, the former White House Chief of Staff most remembered as the person who whispered into then-President George W. Bush’s ear that America was under attack. I heard him give a minute-by-minute account of what was happening behind the scenes at the highest levels of our government.

There was something surreal about sitting years later listening to someone recount from inside the White House the same events I had experienced as a frightened 22-year-old standing on a pier across the Hudson River, trying desperately to understand what was happening.

Looking back 25 years later, I can see how much that experience shaped the work I eventually chose.

It ignited in me a need to understand not only what was happening in the world, but why – to look beyond headlines, to understand other countries, cultures, and perspectives, and to resist the fear that can so easily grow when we don’t understand one another.

I didn’t know it at 22, but that instinct would eventually become central to my work with the World Affairs Council.

The work we do, creating spaces for people to learn about the world, encounter perspectives different from their own, ask difficult questions, and better understand the forces shaping events beyond our borders, has never felt abstract to me. I know how quickly something happening somewhere else in the world can arrive on your doorstep. I know how fear and uncertainty can bring strangers together, and I also know how easily they can divide us.

Twenty-five years later, I still believe understanding one another matters.

Thank you for reading my story.

Jayne Herring, President & CEO, World Affairs Council of Orange County

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Where are they now?

By Nathan Palomares

The World Affairs Council of Orange County’s internship program is, in many ways, the backbone of the organization and its mission. Students and young professionals alike have the opportunity to conduct impactful research and work in an environment in international affairs and global politics, all the while having access to thrilling events and networking opportunities with experts and speakers.

Interns who have completed their internship at WACOC have gone on to prestigious opportunities and traveled to places they could not have imagined before interning for the council.

Here is a spotlight on two spectacular former interns in WACOC’s new “Where Are They Now?” series, in which we interview them about what they have accomplished since leaving the council and how our internship program can lay the foundation for future professional development.

Maelee Blancaflor, 27

Maelee Blancaflor interned at the WACOC from 2018 to 2019 as a public affairs/communication intern. She is currently employed as an immigration paralegal at Fragomen, one of the largest immigration law firms in the nation. Her main focus is working with students and exchange visitors.

“It’s kind of what I’ve wanted to do from the get-go,” Blancaflor said. “I wanted to work in international exchange in some way or form.”

After her internship with the council, Blancaflor went to work with the World Trade Center in Northern California with their international visitor leadership program. She then used her accumulated experience to intern at the State Department in the federal government through the Virtual Student Federal Service Internship. She continued her work in research and cultural exchange until she decided to begin her master’s program in public diplomacy at the University of Southern California (USC), from which she graduated in 2025.

Blancaflor had many great memories and experiences during her time at WACOC, including an unforgettable event that hosted Gaddi Vasquez, a former U.S. ambassador to the UN Food Program and former director of the Peace Corps.

“That was my first time meeting someone of authority in that sense,” Blancaflor said. “It was very nerve-wracking talking to someone of that caliber, but it was an amazing experience.”

Blancaflor’s experiences at WAC-OC, such as this one, would help shape her life goals and equip her with the skills necessary to launch her career. She expressed that the internship program at WAC-OC gave her the flexibility to delve into other areas of work that may not have been officially part of her internship description. However, she was still granted the opportunity to try, and in the end, it helped her the most.

“Everyone was very nice, and it was a great first experience that definitely solidified the work I wanted to do in international affairs,” Blancflor said.

Some advice Blancflor offers to students and young professionals reflects her own time as a student frantically trying to secure an internship.

“Truthfully, it’s difficult out there,” Blancflor said. “However, you’re already doing the right thing by getting this internship experience now, but you can have a specific plan set for yourself, and always be open to having a plan B, plan C, plan D.”

For Blancflor, her time at the WAC-OC has prompted her to reflect on the pressures young professionals face in today’s job market.

“As a young professional, we put so much pressure on ourselves to get the dream internship or the dream job, like it needs to be a perfect ladder to reach whatever you want,” Blancflor said. “Truthfully, you’re still going to be doing that until you’re 40, so be satisfied with where you are and your trajectory, but not too worried about where you need to be at the moment.”

Ryan Takeji Adams, 23

Ryan Adams interned at the WAC-OC from 2024 to 2025 as an area operations and HR intern. He is currently working at the national World Affairs Council of America as a marketing and communications coordinator. Much of his work involves crafting national newsletters and strengthening support for and representation of the various councils across the country.

Ryan has recently moved to Washington, D.C., and is pursuing a master’s degree in Conflict Resolution at Georgetown University. The opportunity to move to D.C. has enabled him to intern with U.S. Representative Derek Tran and the House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. Furthermore, Ryan served as a public affairs intern at Cornerstone Government Affairs and a communications intern at the Nuclear Threat Initiative.

Much of what Ryan has gone on to accomplish, he believes, can be attributed to the experience and skills he gained during his time at the WAC-OC.

“A huge thank you really goes out to Jayne (President and CEO of WAC-OC); she is such an inspiring person and so motivational,” Adams said. “I think seeing her leadership in the council motivated me to do well as an intern.”

For Ryan, the best part of the internship experience was the events that the council holds. 

“Gaining exposure to a lot of the events and being in that community and having access to some of our board members who are very accomplished individuals inspired me to pursue a career in international relations or global affairs,” Adams said. 

Adams goes on to explain that one of the main reasons for going into a master’s program at Georgetown was his experience with WAC-OC.

“I don’t think without that experience I’d be here in D.C. or pursuing a master’s,” Ryan said.

That experience interning at WACOC has given Ryan advice he wishes to share with students and young professionals entering our current job market.

“You know, it is a very competitive job market now more than ever,” Adams said. “My advice is always to start as early as you can, be willing to take some of those unpaid internships, and it is difficult, and I know not everyone can do it, but I think if you’re willing and able to make that sacrifice, it’ll push your career much further.”

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Upcoming Infrastructure Tour: OC Water District

By: Nathan Palomares

The World Affairs Council of Orange County is hosting another infrastructure tour at the Orange County Water District’s Groundwater Replenishment System on Friday, Aug. 28, at 1 p.m. in Fountain Valley. WACOC members will be provided with an informative two-hour walking tour of the facility and learn more about national security infrastructure and our ecosystem with worsening climate change.

The two main issues closely related to our nation’s infrastructure are the climate crisis and the rise of new, dangerous technologies utilized in cyberwarfare. 

Climate Change:

According to a UN report on the State of the Global Climate 2025, the Earth’s energy imbalance is at its highest level on record, with the past 11 years being the warmest ever. The heating of the Earth is causing ocean temperatures to rise and the ocean to become more acidic (UN, 2026).

In sum, our water supply is being threatened, with climate change being one of the key drivers of freshwater degradation in a world where only 0.5% of water is usable (NPR, 2026). This is putting pressure on water infrastructure, and something the infrastructure tour will touch on.

Cybersecurity:

In an increasingly dangerous world, with International Relations’ theory of realism making a comeback with the wars in Ukraine and Iran, national security is being threatened with new forms of cyberwarfare. Inevitably, critical water infrastructure is becoming a target (NPR, 2026).

More specifically, as the U.S. becomes entangled in Iran, the nation’s vital infrastructure, equipped with aging and more vulnerable technology, is sitting ducks for attacks.

These attackers can ransom or steal data, cause disruptions, and explode pipelines by fluctuating the water pressure. Furthermore, as the Trump administration slashed the federal cybersecurity workforce, many local water facilities have been left on their own on the front lines against hackers (NPR, 2026).

The World Affairs Council, Helping Navigate The Way:

Local critical infrastructure in Orange County is increasingly having to deal with the global climate crisis, cyberattacks from international actors, and, on top of that, provide constant services to the millions of people who call the OC home.

This is why the World Affairs Council of Orange County is hosting this tour to provide clarity and educate its members about facilities that are often overlooked. While much of what is shown in the news may seem disconnected from your local community, across oceans away, the WACOC recognizes the importance of global events to the functioning of our home and is one of the few organizations that can provide valuable perspectives on OC’s vital infrastructure.

With many of the council’s members being former public servants and professionals from all career paths, the organization is well-equipped to take the lead in community education.

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Orange County: The Ball is in Your Court

By Nathan Palomares

During the summer of 2026, the FIFA World Cup was hosted in North America by three countries: Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The soccer tournament generated massive buzz in the U.S., with particular excitement among the Mexican community in Orange County, as the Mexican team reached the round of 16 before losing to England.

“It goes way back, ever since I was like really little”, Jesus Santos, a Mexican team fan, said when discussing the significance of the games. “Since I am an undocumented person, it means a lot to me. I want my country to thrive and go further than we would have before, which is why I think it’s a big reason for the noise here in the community of Santa Ana”.

By the time this article was published, Spain had been declared the winner of the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

What the celebrations, watch parties at bars, and passionate sports debates signify is just how eager and excited Orange County is about international sporting events. Now, with the 2028 LA Summer Olympics just around the corner, is Orange County doing enough to position itself as an international sports hub?

Jayne Herring, President and CEO of the World Affairs Council of Orange County, has been espousing the sentiment that the county is not doing enough.

“While it is already a problem that Orange County leadership has waited this long to prepare, at least we should be harnessing this World Cup momentum,” Herring said. “There is beautiful citizen diplomacy happening across this country, with communities adopting fans from around the world, and yet outside of Santa Ana it was as if it wasn’t happening in our region. What a lost opportunity!”

Photo of Mexico team fans watching the Mexico-Ecuador game on the street. Photo taken by Nathan Palomares.

Herring is frustrated by the lack of recognition of long-term economic benefits that can be generated by international engagement and coordination on the county level. She argues that the lack of FIFA engagement in OC is a missed opportunity to attract foreign investors and sports delegates, which would generate financial benefits and boost the country’s cultural power for years or even decades to come.

These feelings expressed by Herring are similar to those of the Executive Director of the Orange County Sports Commission (OCSC). Anthony Brenneman expressed this in terms of improving Orange County’s ability to become an international sports hub. 

“Orange County is really its own identity, own brand, own market in a lot of different ways”, Brenneman said. “We have all the right tools, we have all the right ingredients out here; it’s just we have to figure out what cake we want to bake at the end of the day”.

The OCSC is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit founded in 2019 whose mission is to “enhance the economic, social, and cultural vitality of Orange County communities through sports”, as explained on their website. 

Their three pillars for their platform include economic, social, and cultural, which act as guiding visions to help bring in and plan major sporting events in Orange County, so sports and sports diplomacy can thrive in the county.

A common theme among critiques of the county’s ability to organize effective international sports engagements is decentralization. 

Brenneman explained that the U.S. is the only country in the world without a ministry of sport, culture, and tourism, which inevitably forces local jurisdictions to fill that gap.

In Orange County, that gap is notoriously hard to fill cooperatively due to local cities clashing, turning any potential county-level organizing into a hot mess. For instance, Brenneman explains that cities collect more sales tax than the county, so the county ends up pointing to the local cities and telling them they should pay for initiatives, such as international events.

This structure has incentivized a decentralized approach to county-level organizing, making it much harder to capture the benefits of coordinated sports engagement.

“Instead of creating a huge net to catch everything on the county level, we’ve created 34 different smaller nets (cities)”, Brenneman said. “It’s a lot harder to catch a fish in 34 different smaller nets than it is in one giant net that’s going to cover everything”.

Despite the frustration from decentralization, Brenneman and the OCSC see an opportunity on the horizon. LA 2028 Summer Olympics. 

The Summer Olympics in LA will spill over into Orange County, with volleyball planned to be hosted at the Honda Center in Anaheim and surfing near San Clemente at Trestle State Beach. Coupled with our proximity to LA, these games will involve OC in one form or another, whether the county is ready or not.

That is the hope for Brenneman and the OCSC, who wish to use LA28 as a springboard to finally address the county government’s lack of an organized approach to sports engagement and unify the local jurisdictions through sports, which he sees as a great unifier.

“If we’re able to use a big event like that to bring people together, to show them the power of sports and community, those results may show them this is why they need to be a part of this”, Brenneman said. “Is it going to solve everything? No, but it can lead to a door-opening opportunity”.

While money talk is what usually gets these types of conversations started amongst county officials, one element of sports diplomacy that is often overlooked is the human connection and goodwill.

“Sport is like a human identity in a lot of different ways,” Brenneman said. “It’s like a way to break bread with your brothers and sisters from next door, and bring people together”.

Amanda, a local political organizer in the county, believes sporting events can help generate pride in a community’s identity. “It creates a lot of excitement and pride in your culture”, Amanda said. “I think it really brings communities together, which is something that we really need currently”.

Her political work within the county, particularly among the Hispanic community, has shown her how a sporting event like FIFA can bring people together and spark conversations beyond sports that affect these communities in places like Santa Ana.

Brenneman shares similar sentiments regarding the cultural and human aspect of sports. 

“Maybe you bring in a new sport, new group of people, a new culture that might be traveling for an event that you’re hosting or a watch party that you’re watching”, Brenneman said. “We’re trying to elevate and bring to light why those three dimensions are important to our community overall”.

Photo of Mexico fans watching the game on the street. Photo taken by Nathan Palomares.

As Orange County looks ahead to the opportunities presented by the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics, the challenge is no longer recognizing the region’s potential–it is deciding whether local leaders will work together to realize it.

The World Affairs Council of Orange County believes the expertise to make that happen already exists within the community. Its diverse membership includes professionals and former public servants with a drive for international connectedness. 

Which is why, by bringing decades of global experience, the Council wishes to connect these individuals with local governments, businesses, and community organizations to help strengthen its international engagement, foster citizen diplomacy, and position itself as a globally connected region.

“I know we are 34 cities that don’t like to work together, but the resources are available if we can figure this out,” Herring said. “Our membership alone speaks over 27 languages fluently, includes former U.S. State and Commerce Department officials, diplomats, United Nations employees, and humanitarian aid workers with experience around the globe, all right here in Orange County. A coordinated effort will be essential for embracing the next big opportunity!”  

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WACOC Infrastructure Recap Summer 2026

By Nathan Palomares

Earlier this summer, the World Affairs Council of Orange County took its members on three exclusive private infrastructure tours throughout Orange County—the tour series. Hosted by the council, this initiative aims to increase knowledge and awareness of critical infrastructure facilities that the community may take for granted regarding their significance and economic impact on daily lives.

The past three tours included John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station at Pendleton, and the Port of LA.

Port of LA:

One of the WACOC’s marketing interns, Elise Hackenberg, who joined the Port of LA tour, learned more about one of her country’s busiest ports, all thanks to the World Affairs Council.

“Before coming to the Port of LA, I had a general idea of how these ports work, Hackenberg said. “However, the most interesting thing I learned on this tour had to do with the security; since foreign shipments are coming in and out of this port, it has its own police force!”

As a result of her experience, Hackenberg encourages people to take advantage of opportunities to learn more about their country’s infrastructure, which can show just how connected we are internationally. 

“The Port of LA doesn’t just serve Southern California, but it’s part of a bigger interconnectedness that supports trade and economic stability for not just the U.S., but all of our partners,” Hackenberg said. “I believe that being more informed about these topics has a positive effect on people’s personal and professional growth”.

Another WACOC member, Lea Petersen, also visited the Port of LA, where she had fun and learned more about this critical infrastructure.

San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station:

WACOC member Tim Welch visited the nuclear station on July 14. Welch was amazed at the inner workings of the nuclear station, whose infrastructure, like these, often gets a bad rep.

“Very educational–we learned an incredible amount about what’s going on with the decommissioning of the plant,” Welch said. “They are going to dismantle the domes from the bottom instead of the top! I’m looking forward to seeing how that works”.

For Welch, the tour offers an opportunity that many often are not able to experience and learn more about a nuclear station that is probably passed by on the way to San Diego without a second thought.

John Wayne Airport:

WACOC members also toured John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, where they learned about the inner workings of running an airport and the importance and sophistication of such a critical infrastructure.

The purpose of the tour series hosted by the World Affairs Council of Orange County traces back to its mission of educating the community. Infrastructure tours are one way to bridge the gap between facilities and ordinary people, where disconnects may arise. 

The WACOC wants to be that bridge and will continue striving to do just that.

“I feel that the World Affairs Council helps to connect the local community to the important topics that interconnect us with the world”, Hackenberg said. “These tours give a fun and interesting way to learn more about the infrastructure around us and how we are connected to it”.

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The “Global South” Isn’t a Place. It’s a Position.

By: Naseem Qader

In today’s global landscape, terminology is never just descriptive— it’s diplomatic. And the language we use to frame the world often reveals more about power than geography.

In diplomacy, the terms we use aren’t just descriptors—they’re instruments. They shape alliances, steer resources, and determine whose interests are prioritized on the global stage.
Today, the phrase “Global South” appears in climate communiqués, policy memos, and development strategies—and increasingly in the language of public diplomacy. It’s meant to signal solidarity. But whose solidarity—and at what cost?

What we call the world reveals how it’s built. Labels like “Global South” often suggest inclusion. But more often, they encode a position—one of adaptation, not authorship. Behind the naming lies a deeper tension: Who is the global system designed for? And who is expected to adjust to it?

Let’s be clear: “Global South” is not a geography. It’s an assignment. The term stretches across more than 130 countries—from nuclear powers like India to digitizing economies such as Kenya and Vietnam, from Gulf oil monarchies to climate-vulnerable nations in the Pacific such as Tuvalu and the Maldives. What unites them is not proximity or governance—but a shared exclusion from global rule-making.

Like “Middle East” or “Latin America,” the term flattens. “Africa” becomes a single noun encompassing 54 countries and over 2,000 languages. As Chinua Achebe famously wrote, “Africa is people. It is not a concept. It is not a geographical expression… It is not the patrimony of European powers.” That reminder still resonates in diplomacy, where shorthand often obscures sovereignty. “The Middle East” groups Israel, Iran, and Yemen under a Cold War-era construct. “Latin America” erases Indigenous sovereignties like the Mapuche, Aymara, and Quechua into a colonial linguistic legacy.

These weren’t names chosen by the communities themselves. They were assigned by global systems that needed the world to be legible—on their terms.

But naming has never gone uncontested. And in that resistance, some of the most enduring insights have emerged.

In the 1950s, Argentine economist Raúl Prebisch warned that global trade rules weren’t neutral—they were designed to entrench advantage, laying the groundwork for what became the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis. His critique remains relevant today in how carbon credits are priced, how financial “risk” is modeled, and how access to aid is still conditioned by externally set criteria.

Tongan‑Fijian scholar Epeli Hauʻofa reframed the Pacific not as “islands in a far sea,” but as“a sea of islands”— relational, connected, expansive. His critique wasn’t merely geographic—it challenged the entire worldview that cast the Pacific as marginal and remote.

And decades earlier, Edward Said warned: “When you don’t define yourself, others will.”

These thinkers weren’t just critiquing terminology. They were reclaiming narrative sovereignty—the right to name, not just be named.

For public diplomacy professionals, these redefinitions are more than theoretical. They offer a model for how we engage—starting from lived experience, not inherited shorthand.

Today, the challenge continues in more complex forms. Borders are no longer only territorial. They are algorithmic, linguistic, and embedded in digital systems.

Consider that languages spoken by hundreds of millions—such as Swahili, Tamil, Quechua, and Hausa—remain underrepresented in AI systems, with low-resource languages comprising less than 1% of most training data.  When your language is missing from the dataset, your experience is missing from the future.

Digital finance now encodes old hierarchies through new tools. Smart contracts shape infrastructure lending. Debt is scored by algorithms built on external norms. Climate‑vulnerable communities are asked to fund their own adaptation—through systems they didn’t design.

These aren’t just technical shifts. As the global system digitizes, inherited frames are being embedded into the platforms and protocols that govern tomorrow’s diplomacy. The colonial template hasn’t disappeared—it’s been modernized and hard‑coded.

What makes this moment particularly urgent is how the term “Global South” is being revived—not just as critique, but as brand. It appears in bloc‑building, in strategic communications, and in institutional language—most notably at the 2025 BRICS Summit in Rio, which proclaimed a vision for “Global South cooperation” and “more inclusive governance.” Even when states or blocs use the term “Global South” to project unity or assert leverage, they’re still operating within a framework they didn’t author. Strategic use doesn’t equal narrative control.

Rhetorical solidarity isn’t structural transformation. The term may shift who speaks—but not always who decides. It’s often invoked to suggest alignment, even when the underlying systems remain unchanged.

And when recognition depends on aligning with trauma, donor frameworks, or geopolitical groupings, identity becomes a performance. The label begins to obscure more than it reveals.

This has real implications for diplomacy. AI governance is being shaped in dominant languages, with training data that leaves vast regions behind. Climate finance often centralizes power, reinforcing dependency. And the platforms through which global narratives flow—media, education, policymaking —continue to privilege dominant frameworks that define what counts as legitimate knowledge—and whose voice counts.

When these labels go unexamined, they shape how policies are framed, how trust is built, and who is invited to participate as an equal partner in global decision‑making. If diplomacy is the architecture of global understanding, then language is the scaffolding. And when that scaffolding is built on outdated frames, entire communities are misrepresented—or excluded altogether.

So the question is not whether to use the term “Global South.”

It’s whether we’re willing to interrogate what it does.

When multilateral institutions, diplomatic actors, or global alliances invoke inherited frames, we must ask: Which country? Whose voice? What assumptions are being reinforced —and for whose benefit?

Because it’s not just the map that’s being contested. It’s the right to hold the pen.

That’s the challenge—and opportunity—of public diplomacy today: not simply to translate across borders, but to help reimagine the frame itself.

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2024 Paris Olympics – The Whole World is Watching

It would be an understatement to say that the Olympics is a monumental event that touches the hearts of everyone around the world. To some, the Olympics is a sporting event that happens every 4 years. To others, the event is the moment that they have been dreaming of since they watched the Olympic Games at a young age. Nevertheless, the Olympics means something to everyone in the world. This article will explore the impact of the 2024 Paris Olympics on people around the world including event highlights, new records broken, and new Olympic sports.

Highlights:

  • Celine Dion closed the Olympic opening ceremony with a beautiful performance of L’hymne à l’amour (The Hymn to Love) on the Eiffel Tower.
  • This was the third Olympics in which a Refugee Team—which was established in 2015—competed in the Olympic Games. Twenty-five-year-old Cameroonian boxer Cindy Ngamba became the first athlete competing as a refugee to win an Olympic medal after securing a Bronze medal by advancing as far as the semifinals.
    • She told reporters: “It means a lot to me to be the first refugee to win a medal. I want to say to all refugees around the world: keep working hard, keep believing in yourself.” – Africa News
  • Four non-traditional sports were incorporated into the Paris 2024 Games after making their debut in the Tokyo 2020 Games: skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing. Additionally, breaking, also known as break dancing, is making its Olympic debut after becoming an official sport qualified for the Olympics on Dec. 7, 2021.
  • Simone Biles, a USA Gymnast who earned 3 gold medals at the Paris Olympics and holds 7 gold medals in her entire Olympic career, responded to questions about her retirement saying “Never say never. The next Olympics is on home turf. So you just never know. I’m just going to relax and see where life takes me.” – Today

Athletes from countries all around the world come together to share their unique talents and skills with the support of their homelands behind them. Here are some of the World Records broken during the 2024 Paris Olympics.

Notable Records Broken

  • Mondo Duplantis (Sweden) broke his own world record after clearing a height of 6.25 meters and winning his second pole vaulting gold medal.
  • Gabriel Medina (Brazil) achieved the highest Olympic score ever given for surfing a single wave earning a 9.90 from judges.
  • Thea LaFond (Dominica) earned her country’s inaugural gold medal in triple jump by achieving a distance of 15.02 meters.
  • Adriana Ruano Oliva’s (Guatemala) won her country’s first gold medal in women’s trap shooting while also setting the new Olympic record by scoring a 45 out of 50, higher than the previous 43 out of 50 at Tokyo 2020.
  • Kaylee McKeown (Australia) broke a 12-year-old record first created by Missy Franklin (USA) in London 2012 by earning a swim of 2:03.73 in the 200 meter backstroke.
  • Julien Alfred (Saint Lucia) earned her country its first ever gold medal after beating Sha’Carri Richardson (USA) in the 100-meter race with a time of 10.72s.
  • Sheng Lihao (China) broke William Shaner’s (USA) Olympic sport shooter record, from the 2020 games, of 251.6 by earning a 252.2 in the 10-meter air rifle.
  • Oh Ye-jin (South Korea) set the record for the women’s 10-meter air pistol by earning a whopping 243.2, surpassing Vitalina Batsarashkina’s (Russia) record of 240.3 from Tokyo 2020.
  • Katie Ledecky (USA) earned her second gold medal after beating her own time in the 2020 Games with a 15:30.02 in the 1500m freestyle. Ledecky came out of the competition as the second female Olympian with the most gold medals tied alongside former Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina.

Citations

AfricaNews. “Paris 2024 Olympics: Cindy Ngamba Wins First Refugee Medal.” AfricaNews, Africanews, 5 Aug. 2024, www.africanews.com/2024/08/05/paris-2024-olympics-cindy-ngamba-wins-first-refugee-medal/

Gharib, Anthony. “What Are New Sports at the 2024 Paris Olympic Games?” ESPN, ESPN Internet Ventures, 11 Aug. 2024, www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/40537496/2024-paris-olympic-games-new-sports-breaking-climbing-skateboarding

Le, Brendan. “Every Record Broken at the 2024 Summer Olympics.” People Magazine, 12 Aug. 2024, https://people.com/every-record-broken-at-the-2024-summer-olympics-8687091

TodayShow. “Is Simone Biles Going to the 2028 Olympics? What She Told Hoda Kotb.” TODAY.Com, TODAY, 6 Aug. 2024, www.today.com/news/simone-biles-olympics-2028-los-angeles-rcna165066

Written by Special Projects Intern, Amanda Nguyen

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Mexico’s First Female President & the World’s 29th Female Head of Government

According to Courthouse News, some of President Sheinbaum’s promises during her presidency include scholarships for basic education, better salaries for teachers, increases in minimum wage, harder crack-downs on crime including a five-pronged security plan, and a transition to renewable energy for the country.

President Claudia Sheinbaum’s symbolic rise to the highest position of power in Mexico demonstrates the progress of some countries towards gender equality in government, directly making strides to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 5.5 Target that aims to “ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life” (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 

Although Mexico’s most recent election demonstrated a great feat towards global gender equality, many countries have yet to follow, including the United States, Spain, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and the Netherlands who have never had a female leader in the history of their existence. UN Women states, “women’s equal participation and leadership in political and public life are essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.” But with the historical trends of women coming into power, the UN reports that gender equality in the highest positions of power may not be reached for another 130 years.

Now that Mexico has shown a country’s capacity to embrace female leadership, how can other nations do the same?

Written by Special Projects Intern, Amanda Nguyen

Citations

Clancy, Laura. “Fewer than a Third of UN Member States Have Ever Had a Woman Leader.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 28 Mar. 2023, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/03/28/women-leaders-around-the-world/#:~:text=Women%20currently%20serve%20as%20the,a%20Pew%20Research%20Center%20analysis.

“Facts and Figures: Women’s Leadership and Political Participation.” UN Women – Headquarters, 7 Mar. 2023, www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/leadership-and-political-participation/facts-and-figures

“Goal 5 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” United Nations, United Nations, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5#targets_and_indicators. Accessed 12 June 2024.

Madry, Kylie, and Valentine Hilaire. “Mexico’s Sheinbaum Wins Landslide to Become Country’s First Woman President | Reuters.” Reuters, 3 June 2024, www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexicans-vote-election-seen-crowning-first-female-president-2024-06-02/

Martin, Roland. “Claudia Sheinbaum.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 9 June 2024, www.britannica.com/biography/Claudia-Sheinbaum. Savinar, William. “What Can Mexico Expect from a Sheinbaum Presidency?” Courthouse News Service, 7 June 2024, www.courthousenews.com/what-can-mexico-expect-from-a-sheinbaum-presidency/#:~:text=Sheinbaum%20was%20responsible%20for%20updating,north%20and%20southeast%20of%20the.

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Global Impacts of U.S. AI Policy: Balancing Regulation, Competition, and Optimism

U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law hearing on artificial intelligence. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Regulation and Competition

Between COVID-19, global conflicts, democratic backsliding, and escalating U.S.-China tensions, the 2020s have not had an inspiring first half. Amidst this backdrop, rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have changed the long game for international relations. According to Nathaniel C. Fick, ambassador for cyberspace and digital policy at the State Department, tech is increasingly becoming “the whole game,” and will be a defining sector for U.S.-China competition. Given the risks associated with unfettered AI use and development, regulation is inevitable. However, U.S. AI policies and regulations should remain conscientious of the potential global impacts of domestic policies.

Currently, the U.S. and China are leaders in AI research and technology, with Silicon Valley alone hosting several major AI developers such as Anthropic, Google, Meta, and Open-AI. AI presents various concerns surrounding data privacy, job replacement, and disinformation. Consequently, significant discourse in the U.S. revolves around ways to regulate AI, and has resulted in an emerging patchwork of legislation at the state and federal levels. Despite this, global uses are often secondary in U.S. AI policy discourse, as discussion is often framed in the context of domestic impacts, cyber security, and U.S.-China tech competition. As other countries will largely be subscribing to U.S. or Chinese AI systems, the U.S. should pursue its tech policy through a global lens if it aims to assert leadership and set responsible global norms for this technology. China has already established a variety of AI regulatory policies from which the U.S. can learn from and refine with global applications in mind.

Despite being a top AI developer, the U.S. is comparatively less optimistic about the positive potential of AI than its global counterparts. In Google and Ipsos’ 2024 report “Our Life with AI,” there is a disconnect across surveys on AI outlooks, with the U.S. reporting the least optimism around AI of countries surveyed. In contrast, countries categorized as emerging had the most optimistic outlooks on AI’s potential. This disconnect in optimism could impact U.S. attempts to regulate AI. If domestic efforts are less receptive to AI’s positive potential and are not globally conscientious, then well meaning policies could inadvertently contribute to the global tech divide, and neglect AI’s positive uses towards development.

Optimism for Sustainable Development

A major source of global optimism surrounding AI is its potential to accelerate sustainable development. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals to improve socio-economic and political issues adopted by all United Nations Member States (193 countries) in 2015 for achievement by 2030. Now, more than halfway to 2030, 84% of SDG targets have stagnated or seen progress regression, and only 16% are on track or have been met. This stagnation can be partially attributed to the socio-economic strains caused by COVID-19, however, current action is necessary if these goals are still to be met by the 2030 target. There is optimism surrounding AI’s potential to accelerate and recuperate progress across all 17 goals.

Based on the 2024 research brief “AI in Action,” by Google, AI can especially impact progress on SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). This is particularly motivating given that these goals currently face challenges ranging from “major” to “significant”. Currently, the largest category for AI’s potential use towards the SDGs is within healthcare (SDG 3), constituting 28% of SDG use cases. These uses span diagnosis, research, clinical, and preventative care, and can improve progress on SDG 3 by expanding medical knowledge and improving treatments. A similar optimism can be seen with AI’s potential for assisting SDG 4 towards quality education via access to affordable education and individualized instruction given access to the internet.

Perhaps most promising is the potential for AI to improve progress on climate action (SDG 13). According to the World Economic Forum’s 2024 Global Risks Report, the three greatest concerns in the next ten years were environmentally related across experts surveyed in the civil society, international organization, academia, government, and private sectors. This is due to climate change’s ability to amplify threats to human security through forced displacement, food scarcity, and extreme weather. In this regard, there is significant potential for AI to assist with emission monitoring and preventative action before climate disruptions and displacement.

Globally Minded Policy

It is important that U.S. AI policy bears global application in mind to encourage AI’s positive uses for development. Participants of the September 18th 2023, United Nations’ 78th Session High Level Week expressed agreement that the development of AI has the potential to accelerate SDG progress, but could worsen the global tech divide if not responsibly and inclusively developed. One recommendation for improving AI’s global application includes promoting standards of reliable and representative datasets to avoid algorithmic bias. Algorithmic bias is already a concern surrounding AI in the U.S., however, promoting measures for cultural, linguistic, and perspective diversity in data sets will strengthen its potential for positive impact globally.

Developing effective regulations will also involve learning from the pitfalls of past technology policies. With the rise of social media, as detailed in David Kay’s book “Speech Police,” digital privacy and safety concerns by governments drove regulations that placed pressure on private companies to self-regulate their user’s content, resulting in a concentration of censorship power in some private companies. With AI, it is important that emerging policies do not end at company self-regulation, but maintain governmental review for accountability. Furthermore, given the U.S.’ global AI leadership and competition with China, U.S. AI policies should regularly include global considerations into regulation to ensure that legislation does not limit positive potential and that the U.S. remains a competitive global provider for beneficial AI uses.

Conclusion

Globally-minded U.S. policies on AI could provide advantages for the U.S. in its tech competition with China by appealing to global markets and making AI’s positive applications globally more attainable. AI has the potential to advance progress on stagnating SDGs, and U.S. policymakers should maintain global perspectives in developing regulations to help facilitate these applications. This should include policy emphasis on representatively diverse datasets and accountability measures at the company and government levels. While this decade has had a tense start, globally conscious U.S. leadership in AI could help secure a more prosperous turn of the decade.

Written by Research & Development Intern, Eli Sepulveda

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Mexico’s First Female President & the World’s 29th Female Head of Government

From Reuters, “‘for the first time in the 200 years of the republic I will become the first woman president of Mexico,’ Sheinbaum told supporters to loud cheers of ‘president, president.’”

Since 1960, 77 women have held the most powerful positions of executive power in 59 countries; 28 of those women served as the official Head of State or Head of Government for their country (UN Women). On June 3, Mexico made history by becoming the 60th UN Member State to elect a female as the head of government, making President Claudia Sheinbaum the first female president of Mexico and 29th woman to hold the head of government seat in world history. Not only did Sheinbaum win the presidency in a landslide with about 60% of the vote, but Reuters stated that this is “set to be the highest vote percentage in Mexico’s democratic history.”

Who is Claudia Sheinbaum?

Claudia Sheinbaum was born in Mexico City on June 24, 1962. She is the daughter of biologist and professor, Annie Pardo Cemo, and chemical engineer, Carlos Sheinbaum. She earned her Ph.D. in energy engineering from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico).

As a climate scientist and physicist, Sheinbaum worked in environmental policy serving as the Minister of the Environment for Mexico City. She also contributed to assessment reports for the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, one of which helped the IPCC win the Nobel Peace Prize. 

During her time as mayor of Mexico City, her administration focused on waste management reform and began a reforestation program. She also took it upon herself to change the city’s subway system in order to invest in the modernization of currently-dilapidated infrastructure.

Now as president, Sheinbaum has called for the transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Although President Sheinbaum is known for having similar ideological views as her predecessor, Former President López Obrador, she holds different views in regards to climate change and job creation. She remains true to many leftist ideals, believing that citizens have basic rights to healthcare, education, shelter, and jobs (Britannica).

Public Reactions

When being interviewed by a reporter from Reuters, Edelmira Montiel, a Sheinbaum supporter from Tlaxcala said, “I never imagined that one day I would vote for a woman. […] Before we couldn’t even vote, and when you could, it was to vote for the person your husband told you to vote for. Thank God that has changed and I get to live it.”

From Reuters, U.S. President Joe Biden responded to President Sheinbaum’s win stating, “I congratulate Claudia Sheinbaum on her historic election as the first woman President of Mexico. I look forward to working closely with President-elect Sheinbaum in the spirit of partnership and friendship that reflects the enduring bonds between our two countries.”

With recognition and praise from South America, “I am very happy with Sheinbaum’s victory—a progressive woman presiding over Mexico, a victory for democracy—and also for my great friend Lopez Obrador, who led an extraordinary government,” Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula Da Silva said. “I plan to travel to Mexico this year to strengthen our trade relationships. We are the two largest economies in Latin America and could have a greater business flow.”

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky tweeted on X, “Congratulations to @Claudiashein on her convincing victory in Mexico’s presidential elections. I look forward to fruitful cooperation and the further strengthening of Ukrainian-Mexican relations. We are also confident that Mexico can play a significant role in global efforts to bring about just and lasting peace in Ukraine, as well as to restore the full force of the UN Charter globally.”

For the Future

According to Courthouse News, some of President Sheinbaum’s promises during her presidency include scholarships for basic education, better salaries for teachers, increases in minimum wage, harder crack-downs on crime including a five-pronged security plan, and a transition to renewable energy for the country.

President Claudia Sheinbaum’s symbolic rise to the highest position of power in Mexico demonstrates the progress of some countries towards gender equality in government, directly making strides to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 5.5 Target that aims to “ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life” (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 

Although Mexico’s most recent election demonstrated a great feat towards global gender equality, many countries have yet to follow, including the United States, Spain, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and the Netherlands who have never had a female leader in the history of their existence. UN Women states, “women’s equal participation and leadership in political and public life are essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.” But with the historical trends of women coming into power, the UN reports that gender equality in the highest positions of power may not be reached for another 130 years.

Now that Mexico has shown a country’s capacity to embrace female leadership, how can other nations do the same?

Written by Special Projects Intern, Amanda Nguyen

Citations

Clancy, Laura. “Fewer than a Third of UN Member States Have Ever Had a Woman Leader.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 28 Mar. 2023, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/03/28/women-leaders-around-the-world/#:~:text=Women%20currently%20serve%20as%20the,a%20Pew%20Research%20Center%20analysis.

“Facts and Figures: Women’s Leadership and Political Participation.” UN Women – Headquarters, 7 Mar. 2023, www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/leadership-and-political-participation/facts-and-figures

“Goal 5 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” United Nations, United Nations, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5#targets_and_indicators. Accessed 12 June 2024.

Madry, Kylie, and Valentine Hilaire. “Mexico’s Sheinbaum Wins Landslide to Become Country’s First Woman President | Reuters.” Reuters, 3 June 2024, www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexicans-vote-election-seen-crowning-first-female-president-2024-06-02/

Martin, Roland. “Claudia Sheinbaum.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 9 June 2024, www.britannica.com/biography/Claudia-Sheinbaum

Savinar, William. “What Can Mexico Expect from a Sheinbaum Presidency?” Courthouse News Service, 7 June 2024, www.courthousenews.com/what-can-mexico-expect-from-a-sheinbaum-presidency/#:~:text=Sheinbaum%20was%20responsible%20for%20updating,north%20and%20southeast%20of%20the

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